Science versus the President ...
On the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Under President Bush's energy policy, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, some 19m acres of pristine habitat and unique biodiversity, will be opened for oil drilling. That doesn't mean the oil companies will pile in quite yet, though. Pressure to open the refuge is largely from Alaskan senators keen to bring their state more revenue. "The industry doesn't really care that much," says Michael Oppenheimer, a climate researcher at Princeton University in New Jersey.
Estimates suggest that the refuge holds only six months worth of oil, and even at today's high prices, it is probably not worth extracting. "The companies would like to bank the permission to drill and come back in 20 years to actually do it," says Oppenheimer.
Drilling the Arctic refuge is about more than the oil reserves that lurk beneath. Amy Mall, at the Natural Resources Defence Council, says: "If they can get into the Arctic wildlife refuge, they can drill anywhere, there will be no holds barred on drilling elsewhere, such as the Rocky Mountain regions and areas of New Mexico."
Attempts to open the refuge before have been blocked by bipartisan groups of senators keen to preserve it. Any new effort by oil companies to move in is likely to meet similar resistance. "Bad ideas never die," says Mall. "We're expecting to have to fight this battle again."
On climate change
In 2001, Bush asked the National Academy of Sciences to review climate change research. When the academy reported that a causal link between greenhouse gases and climate change "cannot be unequivocally established", Bush commissioned a raft of research projects to get a definitive answer. Many scientists objected, claiming enough research has been done to show that climate change is a big threat.
"The window of opportunity to avoid dangerous climate change is closing rapidly and it may be too late," says Michael Oppenheimer at Princeton. "There's no excuse for inaction and now we are looking at four more years of delay."
On creationism
Under Bush, some states have seen a religious majority take hold in schools and then push for changes to the science curriculum. In some schools, the pressure has led to the relegation of evolution to one of many theories to explain how we all got here.
Now, alongside the teachings of Darwin, pupils also learn about creationism and "intelligent design", both of which demand the meticulous help of a superbeing. This week, the school board in Grantsburg, Wisconsin amended its curriculum to allow the teaching of creationism. The recent re-establishment of a religious majority on the Kansas state school board is expected to lead to a second attempt at getting evolution relegated within the next nine months.
What goes on the school curriculum is a state matter, so direct influence from Washington is minimal. But some scientists believe that John Kerry, the losing Democratic presidential candidate, would have argued in Washington to hamper the efforts of creationists.
On funding
The outlook for US science funding is bleak. The treasury is in the red, and with Bush's plans to cut taxes, many scientists find it hard to see where their cash is going to come from.
"I just don't see that we have money for science. It's not that the Bush administration are Luddites, if they had the money, I'm sure they'd spend it," says Harold Varmus, president of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre in New York.
While the prestigious National Institutes of Health, which enjoy immense public support, will probably be safe, other funding bodies such as the National Science Foundation and the Environmental Protection Agency could face freezes or even cuts.
"It's hard to see how any government that's in debt, wants to cut taxes and run an expensive war at the same time can do anything but cut non-defence related research," says Krauss at Case Western Reserve University.
On nuclear power
Bush supports the construction of new nuclear power plants, and proposes to store the radioactive waste deep within Yucca Mountain, Nevada.
On space
In January, Bush announced ambitious plans for Nasa. With the phasing out of the currently grounded fleet of space shuttles in the next decade or so, the agency will look to set up a permanent base on the moon, and eventually send a crewed mission to Mars. While the plans grab headlines and ensure Nasa officials have plenty to think about, many scientists believe that manned space missions are an inefficient way of doing science.
"The Bush administration has caused a delay in important projects designed to do cosmology and astrophysics because of their desire to have humans orbit the globe and perform acrobatic feats, or whatever it is they do on the International Space Station," says Lawrence Krauss, a physicist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. "There's a place for manned space missions, but it's not to do science."
On stem cell research
Bush policy states that federal funds can only be used for research on embryonic stem cells created before August 2001. There are no restrictions on privately-funded scientists, and work on therapeutic cloning is allowed. The US has yet to ban reproductive cloning, the creation of cloned human babies.